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A spine tumor is an abnormal growth of cells that develops within or around the spinal cord or the bones of the spine (vertebrae). Although relatively uncommon compared to tumors in other parts of the body, spine tumors can cause serious complications because of their location and their effect on the spinal cord and nerves. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are essential to prevent permanent neurological damage.

Types of Spine Tumors

Spine tumors are generally categorized into three groups:

1. Intramedullary tumors – These develop inside the spinal cord itself, often from supporting cells like astrocytomas or ependymomas.
2. Intradural-extramedullary tumors – These grow inside the protective covering of the spinal cord (dura) but outside the spinal cord tissue, such as meningiomas and schwannomas.
3. Extradural tumors – These usually form in the bones of the spine and are often linked to metastatic cancer, spreading from other parts of the body like the lungs, breasts, or prostate.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of primary spine tumors is not always clear, but genetic mutations play a role in uncontrolled cell growth. Some hereditary conditions, like neurofibromatosis and von Hippel-Lindau disease, increase the risk. More commonly, spine tumors are the result of cancer spreading from another organ.

Symptoms

Spine tumor symptoms depend on the tumor’s size, location, and rate of growth. Common signs include:

• Persistent back or neck pain, often worse at night.
• Weakness or numbness in arms, legs, or chest.
• Difficulty walking or maintaining balance.
• Loss of bladder or bowel control in severe cases.
• Spinal deformity or fractures in cases of bone involvement.

Since back pain is common in many non-cancerous conditions, spine tumors are often diagnosed late, which can complicate treatment.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans to locate the tumor and determine its size. In some cases, a biopsy is performed to identify whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Blood tests and scans of other organs may also be recommended to check for metastatic cancer.

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient’s overall health. Common approaches include:

• Surgery – Whenever possible, complete removal of the tumor is attempted. Advances in microsurgery and intraoperative imaging have improved outcomes.
• Radiation therapy – Used for tumors that cannot be fully removed or for metastatic cases.
• Chemotherapy and targeted therapy – Helpful for specific types of malignant tumors.
• Steroids and medications – To reduce inflammation and control pain.

With modern medical advances, many spine tumors can be managed successfully, especially if detected early. However, delayed treatment can lead to irreversible nerve damage, paralysis, or loss of vital functions.

Author:

Dr. Chinmoy Mallik

Senior Consultant & Coordinator

Neurosurgery

Noakhali Eye Hospital & Diabetic Center